The Hand of Fatima also represents femininity and is referred to as the woman's holy hand. It says that the sun and moon are the eyes of Horus. It refers to the Eye of Horus, which means humans cannot escape from the eye of conscience. Īnother meaning of this symbol relates to the sky god, Horus. This relates to the belief that God exists in everything. Īccording to Bruno Barbatti, at that time this motive was the most important sign of apotropaic magic in the Islamic world, though many modern representations continue to show an obvious origin from sex symbolism. Another theory traces the origins of the hamsa to Carthage or Phoenicia where the hand (or in some cases vulva) of the supreme deity Tanit was used to ward off the evil eye. It was used to invoke the protective spirits of parents over their child. In this amulet, the Two Fingers represent Isis and Osiris and the thumb represents their child Horus. One theory postulates a connection between the khamsa and the Mano Pantea (or Hand-of-the-All-Goddess), an amulet known to ancient Egyptians as the Two Fingers. It was also thought that marriage was a sense of protection for both the man and the woman. The woman's upbringing was centered on becoming a mother as an exclusive role, and it indicated childbearing as necessary. In that time, women were under immense pressure and expectation to become mothers. Other symbols of divine protection based around the hand include the Hand-of-Venus (or Aphrodite), the Hand-of-Mary, that was used to protect women from the evil eye and/or boost fertility and lactation, promote healthy pregnancies and strengthen the weak. The image of the open right hand is seen in Mesopotamian (modern day Iraq and Kuwait) artifacts in the amulets of the goddess Inanna or Ishtar. An 8th-century BCE Israelite tomb containing a hamsa-like hand inscription was discovered at Khirbet el-Qom. Early use of the hamsa could be traced to ancient Carthage (modern-day Tunisia) and ancient North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula ( Spain and Portugal).
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